Architecture, Integration
Quantum Open Architecture, Quantum Systems Integration, control systems, operating systems, and the shift from monolithic to modular quantum computing.
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Quantum Computing
Several Vendors Now Supply Quantum Error Correction’s Classical Loop. The Qubits Are Still the Hard Part.
Riverlane, Qblox, Altera, Xanadu, AMD, NVIDIA and IonQ spent September turning error correction's classical loop into parts with published interfaces and measured latencies. What they tested, on what data, and how I now read fault-tolerance timelines.
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Quantum Computing
Every Headline RSA-2048 Estimate Assumes Qubits That Work. A Sydney Team Measured What Happens When They Don’t.
On a single IBM chip, a distance-5 surface code lost to a distance-3 even after the defective components were routed around. The headline estimates of what breaking RSA-2048 takes assume they all work.
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Quantum Sovereignty
I Spent a Year Writing About Europe’s Quantum Failures. Now I’m Moving My Company There.
I've spent the past year documenting Europe's quantum commercialization gap. Now I'm moving Applied Quantum's headquarters from Singapore to the EU. The contradiction is only apparent.
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Quantum Computing
Helium-3 Alternatives: Every Exit From the Shortage, Assessed
Ten engineering escape routes and one geopolitical wildcard for quantum computing's scarcest input, from breeding tritium on purpose to cooling qubits from inside the chip. I assess what each can deliver, what blocks it, and what would change the answer.
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Building Quantum Computers
Securing a Quantum Computer: The Hardening Decisions a Builder Has to Make
Every quantum computer is controlled by classical systems that can be hacked like any other. The security decisions a builder makes during integration: facility hardening, network segmentation, firmware integrity, personnel, and calibration drift as a security signal.
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Building Quantum Computers
The Quantum Supply Chain: Where Every Component Comes From and What Breaks If It Stops
A handful of countries and companies supply the entire Western quantum hardware stack. Where the concentration risk sits layer by layer, how it materializes in ordinary procurement, and why open architecture is the structural mitigation.
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Building Quantum Computers
What a Quantum Computer Actually Costs to Build and Operate
A 5-qubit research system costs roughly $2 million over five years. A 20-qubit mid-range system costs $10 million. An industrial installation runs $30-150 million. Here is where the money goes, who pays, and what surprises first-time buyers.
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Building Quantum Computers
Integrating a Quantum Computer into HPC Infrastructure
A quantum computer without HPC integration is an isolated experiment. NVQLink, QRMI, and CUDA-Q make QPUs schedulable alongside GPUs in standard Slurm environments. Here is how the integration works and where the software stack falls short.
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Building Quantum Computers
The Quantum OS and Orchestration Layer: Assembling the Software That Runs the Machine
No turnkey Western quantum OS exists. A procurement guide to the software layer that turns multi-vendor hardware into a functioning, multi-user machine: the five-layer stack, the calibration decision, and the build-or-buy choice for middleware.
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Building Quantum Computers
Choosing a Quantum Control System: What Actually Drives the Qubits
The control system decides whether your QPU computes or sits cold in a fridge. A procurement guide to the three-vendor superconducting market, the FPGA allocation constraint that slips schedules, and what each modality demands from its electronics.
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Building Quantum Computers
Building a Silicon-Spin Quantum Computer
Silicon-spin qubits are manufactured on the same 300 mm semiconductor lines that produce classical processors. They operate at 1 K instead of 10 millikelvin. They eliminate helium-3. The supply chain is young but the thesis is compelling.
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Building Quantum Computers
Building a Photonic Quantum Computer
Photonic quantum computing encodes information in particles of light on silicon chips fabricated at semiconductor foundries. The core processor runs at room temperature. The supply chain is vertically integrated. Here is what that means for builders.
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Building Quantum Computers
Building a Neutral-Atom Quantum Computer
No dilution refrigerator. No helium-3. No chilled-water plant. Neutral-atom quantum computers run at room temperature in standard server racks, and Pasqal has deployed them into production HPC centers across three continents.
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Building Quantum Computers
Building a Trapped-Ion Quantum Computer
Trapped-ion quantum computers trade the cryogenic infrastructure of superconducting systems for a different set of challenges: precision laser systems, ultra-high vacuum, and the QCCD architecture that shuttles ions between functional zones.
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Building Quantum Computers
Building a Superconducting Quantum Computer
The complete integration guide for assembling a superconducting quantum computer from modular components. Signal chain engineering, cryostat selection, calibration sequences, and the operational reality of keeping transmon qubits running at 10 millikelvin.
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