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Quantum Computing Modalities
Quantum Computing Modalities: Superconducting Cat Qubits
Superconducting cat qubits are an emerging approach to quantum computing that still uses superconducting circuits but encodes each qubit in a bosonic mode - typically a microwave resonator - as a Schrödinger “cat” state (a superposition of two coherent states).…
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Quantum Security & PQC
Europe’s New Cryptographic Rulebook Just Made PQC Official
30 Apr 2025 - For years, the EU's position on post-quantum cryptography could be summarized as "we're watching closely." That changed in April 2025, when the European Cybersecurity Certification Group - the body that decides which cryptographic mechanisms are acceptable…
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Post-Quantum, PQC, Quantum Security
The Enormous Energy Cost of Breaking RSA‑2048 with Quantum Computers
The energy requirements for breaking RSA-2048 with a quantum computer underscore how different the post-quantum threat is from conventional hacking. It’s not just about qubits and math; it’s about megawatts, cooling systems, and power grids. Today, that reality means only…
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Leadership
Building the Quantum Workforce: Talent Challenges and Opportunities
Amid quantum revolution, a bottleneck has emerged: a lack of skilled people. In fact, the quantum talent shortage is now seen as one of the primary hurdles to translating lab discoveries into real-world innovations. One industry expert even warned that…
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Quantum Computing
The Many Faces of Decoherence
Quantum computers hold enormous promise, but they face a stubborn adversary: decoherence. This is the process by which a qubit’s fragile quantum state (its superposition or entanglement) leaks into the environment and effectively "forgets" the information it was carrying. For…
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Quantum Computing
What Quantum Computers Can Do Better Than Classical Computers
Quantum computers already outperform classical computers on a few specialized tasks, and over the coming years that list of tasks will grow. They excel at problems where superposition and entanglement let them explore a vast landscape of possibilities in parallel…
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Quantum Computing
The Rise of Logical Qubits: How Quantum Computers Fight Errors
Logical qubits are the linchpin for delivering on the promise of quantum computing. They are the qubits as we wish we had them – long-lived and trustworthy – brought to life by the ingenuity of quantum error correction. By encoding…
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Quantum Security & PQC
SC081v3 and the 47‑Day Certificate Era: What the CA/B Forum Just Set in Motion
On April 11, 2025, the CA/Browser Forum published Ballot SC081v3, “Introduce Schedule of Reducing Validity and Data Reuse Periods,” alongside a draft of the TLS Baseline Requirements updated for IPR review. The ballot sets a phased schedule that shrinks maximum publicly trusted TLS server…
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Quantum Commercialization
Quantum Patents and IP Strategy: Safeguarding Innovation in a Crowded Field
Patents, when aligned with business goals, can attract investment, deter infringement, and provide leverage for collaboration. TTOs and innovators should view IP not just as legal protection but as a core part of innovation strategy – especially in a field…
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Post-Quantum, PQC, Quantum Security
Breaking RSA Encryption: Quantum Hype Meets Reality (2022-2025)
To put it plainly, if you encrypted a message with an RSA-2048 public key today, no one on Earth knows how to factor it with currently available technology, even if they threw every quantum computer and supercomputer we have at…
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Post-Quantum, PQC, Quantum Security
Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) Standardization – 2025 Update
Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) is here - not in theory, but in practice. We have concrete algorithms, with standards guiding their implementation. They will replace our decades-old cryptographic infrastructure piece by piece over the next decade. For tech professionals, now is…
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Post-Quantum, PQC, Quantum Security
NIST PQC Security Strength Categories (1–5) Explained
As part of its post-quantum cryptography (PQC) standardization, NIST introduced five security strength categories (often labeled Levels 1-5) to classify the robustness of candidate algorithms. Each category represents a minimum security level that a PQC algorithm’s cryptanalysis should require, defined…
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Policy & Sovereignty
ETSI publishes TS 103 744 v1.2.1: Hybrid key establishment for the quantum transition
ETSI’s Technical Committee CYBER has released ETSI TS 103 744 V1.2.1, a technical specification for quantum‑safe hybrid key establishment—methods that combine classical elliptic‑curve Diffie‑Hellman (ECDH) with post‑quantum key encapsulation (ML‑KEM) to derive shared keys that remain secure even if one…
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Post-Quantum, PQC, Quantum Security
PQC Is Necessary, But Not Sufficient – Building Quantum Resilience the Right Way
Simply "dropping in" PQC algorithms will not magically make systems quantum-safe. Real security hinges on how these new primitives are implemented, integrated, and layered into our systems. A quantum-resistant algorithm on paper can still fail in practice due to coding…
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Policy & Sovereignty
UK NCSC Releases “Timelines for migration to post-quantum cryptography”
London, UK (NCSC) - The UK’s National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) this week unveiled new guidance on timelines for migrating to post-quantum cryptography (PQC), outlining a phased roadmap for organizations to shift their encryption methods to quantum-resistant standards by 2035.…
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