Marin’s Q-Day Prediction Countdown:
Here is my personal Q-Day prediction. For an understanding of the factors I am considering and recent events that are influencing this prediction, please see Marin’s Q-Day Prediction page.
IBM Unveils 156-Qubit ‘Heron R2’ Quantum Processor
IBM has announced a new 156-qubit quantum processor called Heron R2, marking a significant upgrade to its quantum computing hardware portfolio. The Heron R2 chip is the second-generation follow-up to IBM’s 133-qubit “Heron” processor introduced in late 2023. Building on its predecessor, the Heron R2 not only adds more qubits ... Read More
India Tests First Indigenous 6-Qubit Quantum Processor
India has achieved a significant quantum computing milestone with its first successful test of a homegrown 6-qubit superconducting quantum processor. A team of scientists from the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), and Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) completed end-to-end testing of the 6-qubit device, ... Read More
NIST Unveils Post‑Quantum Cryptography (PQC) Standards
The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has officially announced the release of its first set of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) standards, naming four quantum-resistant algorithms selected to protect data against future quantum-computer attacks. These four algorithms – CRYSTALS-Kyber, CRYSTALS-Dilithium, FALCON, and SPHINCS+ – emerged as the winners of ... Read More
RSA-2048 Within Reach of 1730 Qubits. Or is it?
The paper’s main claim is striking: by using approximate residue arithmetic and other optimizations, one can factor an RSA-2048 number with around 1730 logical qubits – dramatically down from the ~4000–6000 logical qubits required by earlier methods. (See one of my recent posts "4,099 Qubits: The Myth and Reality of ... Read More
NIST to Release PQC Algorithms in the Summer
The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) will release post-quantum cryptographic (PQC) algorithms in the upcoming weeks, according to White House cyber advisor Anne Neuberger. This development marks a significant step towards protecting data against future quantum computing threats. Although initially planned to release four algorithms, NIST will ... Read More
China Unveils Xiaohong: A 504-Qubit Processor
Chinese researchers have announced “Xiaohong”, a new superconducting quantum processor boasting 504 qubits – the largest such chip ever built in China. This record-breaking processor, developed by the CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics in collaboration with industry partner QuantumCTek, vaults China into the upper echelon ... Read More
Hole-Spin Qubits Demonstrated in Silicon FinFETs
In a significant quantum computing breakthrough, researchers from the University of Basel and IBM Research–Zurich have achieved a controlled interaction between two quantum bits inside a standard silicon transistor. The team’s new paper "Anisotropic exchange interaction of two hole-spin qubits" in Nature Physics reports that they realized high-speed, high-fidelity operations ... Read More
Major Leap for Quantum Internet: First Critical Connection
London, April 2024 – In a groundbreaking advancement for the future of global communication, researchers from Imperial College London and their partners at the Universities of Southampton, Stuttgart, and Würzburg have established a core link necessary for the quantum internet, enabling, for the first time, the production, storage, and retrieval ... Read More
The Race Toward FTQC: Ocelot, Majorana, Willow, Heron, Zuchongzhi
Quantum computing is entering a new phase marked by five major announcements from five quantum powerhouses—Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft, Google, IBM, and Zuchongzhi—all in the last 4 months. Are these just hype-fueled announcements, or do they mark real progress toward useful, large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computing—and perhaps signal an accelerated timeline ... Read More
Quantum Geopolitics: The Global Race for Quantum Computing
Quantum computing has emerged as a new frontier of great-power competition in the 21st century. Nations around the world view advanced quantum technologies as strategic assets—keys to future economic prowess, military strength, and technological sovereignty. Governments have already poured over $40 billion into quantum research and development globally, launching national ... Read More
Financing the Quantum Leap: Funding Strategies for University Spin‑offs
In the end, funding a quantum leap is about building bridges – between lab and market, between public and private interests, and between today’s prototypes and tomorrow’s transformative industries. Each dollar raised and each partnership forged is like adding a plank to the bridge over the Valley of Death. With ... Read More
AI and Quantum Sensing: A Perfect Synergy
AI and quantum sensing complement each other perfectly. Quantum sensors provide the rich, nuanced data about physical reality at its smallest scales; AI provides the means to interpret and act on that data in real time. This synergy is already evident in cutting-edge projects – from AI algorithms cleaning up ... Read More
Quantum Use Cases in Telecom
Quantum computing’s impact on global telecommunications will be transformative. It holds the potential to revolutionize how we secure and operate networks, enabling levels of performance and protection previously unattainable. At the same time, it forces a reckoning with the vulnerabilities of our current systems. The journey to fully realize quantum-enhanced ... Read More
Quantum Use Cases in Healthcare & Medical Research
Quantum computing has the potential to reshape global healthcare and medical research in the coming decades. From our current vantage point, we can see glimmers of its future impact: prototype quantum algorithms already accelerating drug discovery, early collaborations bringing quantum hardware into hospital research labs, and quantum-inspired methods optimizing healthcare ... Read More
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) 101: A Guide for Cybersecurity Professionals
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a cutting-edge security technology that leverages quantum physics to enable two parties to share secret encryption keys with unprecedented security guarantees. Unlike classical key exchange methods whose security rests on computational assumptions, QKD’s security is rooted in the laws of physics – any eavesdropping attempt ... Read More
Marin Ivezic
Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) and Post-Quantum Security Articles
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Post-Quantum
Q-Day Revisited – RSA-2048 Broken by 2030: Detailed Analysis
It’s time to mark a controversial date on the calendar: 2030 is the year RSA-2048 will be broken by a quantum computer. That’s my bold prediction, and I don’t make it lightly. In cybersecurity circles, the countdown to “Q-Day” or…
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Post-Quantum
The Enormous Energy Cost of Breaking RSA‑2048 with Quantum Computers
The energy requirements for breaking RSA-2048 with a quantum computer underscore how different the post-quantum threat is from conventional hacking. It’s not just about qubits and math; it’s about megawatts, cooling systems, and power grids. Today, that reality means only…
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Post-Quantum
Breaking RSA Encryption: Quantum Hype Meets Reality (2022–2025)
To put it plainly, if you encrypted a message with an RSA-2048 public key today, no one on Earth knows how to factor it with currently available technology, even if they threw every quantum computer and supercomputer we have at…
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Post-Quantum
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) 101: A Guide for Cybersecurity Professionals
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a cutting-edge security technology that leverages quantum physics to enable two parties to share secret encryption keys with unprecedented security guarantees. Unlike classical key exchange methods whose security rests on computational assumptions, QKD’s security is…
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Post-Quantum
Adiabatic Quantum (AQC) and Cyber (2024 Update)
Adiabatic Quantum Computing (AQC) is an alternative paradigm that uses an analog process based on the quantum adiabatic theorem. Instead of discrete gate operations, AQC involves slowly evolving a quantum system’s Hamiltonian such that it remains in its lowest-energy (ground)…
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Post-Quantum
Quantum Hacking: Cybersecurity of Quantum Systems
While these machines are not yet widespread, it is never too early to consider their cybersecurity. As quantum computing moves into cloud platforms and multi-user environments, attackers will undoubtedly seek ways to exploit them.
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Quantum Computing Articles
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Quantum Computing
The Many Faces of Decoherence
Quantum computers hold enormous promise, but they face a stubborn adversary: decoherence. This is the process by which a qubit’s fragile quantum state (its superposition or entanglement) leaks into the environment and effectively "forgets" the information it was carrying. For…
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Quantum Computing
What Quantum Computers Can Do Better Than Classical Computers
Quantum computers already outperform classical computers on a few specialized tasks, and over the coming years that list of tasks will grow. They excel at problems where superposition and entanglement let them explore a vast landscape of possibilities in parallel…
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Quantum Computing
The Rise of Logical Qubits: How Quantum Computers Fight Errors
Logical qubits are the linchpin for delivering on the promise of quantum computing. They are the qubits as we wish we had them – long-lived and trustworthy – brought to life by the ingenuity of quantum error correction. By encoding…
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Quantum Computing
Why I Founded Applied Quantum – The First Pure-Play, End-to-End Quantum Consultancy
Applied Quantum is a firm that for the first time would be 100% dedicated to quantum technology services – not as a sideline, not as one emerging tech practice among many, but as the entire mission of the company, and…
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Quantum Computing
Quantum Programming: An In-Depth Introduction and Framework Comparison
Quantum programming is an emerging discipline that challenges developers to think beyond classical bits and deterministic algorithms. Instead of manipulating binary 0s and 1s, quantum programmers work with qubits that can exist in multiple states at once and harness phenomena…
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Quantum Computing
How Quantum Could Break Through Amdahl’s Law and Computing’s Limits
Amdahl’s Law teaches us a humbling lesson about the limits of classical computing: there is always a portion that resists parallel speedup, chaining us to diminishing returns. We’ve coped by clever engineering – making that chain as short as possible…
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Quantum Computing Modalities / Architectures / Paradigms
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Quantum Computing Modalities
Taxonomy of Quantum Computing: Modalities & Architectures
Over the past few decades, researchers have devised multiple quantum computing paradigms – different models and physical implementations of quantum computers – each addressing these challenges in unique ways. In essence, there is no single “quantum computer” design; instead, there…
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Quantum Computing Modalities
Quantum Computing Modalities: Photonic Cluster-State
Photonic Cluster-State Computing is a form of quantum computing in which information is processed using photons (particles of light) that have been prepared in a highly entangled state known as a cluster state. It falls under the paradigm of measurement-based…
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Quantum Computing Modalities
Quantum Computing Modalities: Ion Trap and Neutral Atom MBQC
Ion Trap and Neutral Atom implementations of MBQC leverage two leading “matter-qubit” platforms – trapped ions and ultracold neutral atoms – to realize this model. In a trapped-ion MBQC, a string of ions (charged atoms) is confined and entangled via…
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Quantum Computing Modalities
Quantum Computing Modalities: Superconducting Qubits
Superconducting qubits are quantum bits formed by tiny superconducting electric circuits, typically based on the Josephson junction – a sandwich of two superconductors separated by a thin insulator which allows tunneling of Cooper pairs. When cooled to extremely low temperatures…
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Quantum Computing Modalities
Quantum Computing Modalities: Holonomic (Geometric Phase) QC
Holonomic quantum computing (also known as geometric quantum computing) is a paradigm that uses geometric phase effects to perform quantum logic operations. In a holonomic gate, the quantum state is manipulated by adiabatically (or sometimes non-adiabatically) moving the system’s parameters…
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Quantum Computing Modalities
Quantum Computing Modalities: Photonic QC
Photonic quantum computing uses particles of light – photons – as qubits. Typically, the qubit is encoded in some degree of freedom of a single photon, such as its polarization (horizontal = |0⟩, vertical = |1⟩), or its presence/absence in…
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Quantum Networks Articles
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Post-Quantum
Quantum Hacking: Cybersecurity of Quantum Systems
While these machines are not yet widespread, it is never too early to consider their cybersecurity. As quantum computing moves into cloud platforms and multi-user environments, attackers will undoubtedly seek ways to exploit them.
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Quantum Networks
Quantum Repeaters: The Key to Long-Distance Quantum Comms
Quantum repeaters are specialized devices in quantum communication networks designed to extend the distance over which quantum information (qubits) can be sent without being lost or corrupted. They tackle a fundamental challenge: photons carrying qubits tend to get absorbed or…
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Quantum Networks
What is Entanglement-as-a-Service (EaaS)?
Entanglement-as-a-Service is transitioning from a fascinating concept to a nascent reality. Its technical foundations are solidly rooted in quantum physics, its current development is accelerating through global research efforts, and its promise has caught the attention of the telecommunications industry…
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Quantum Computing
Quantum Memories in Quantum Networking and Computing
Quantum memories are devices capable of storing quantum states (qubits) in a stable form without collapsing their quantum properties. In essence, a quantum memory is the quantum-mechanical analog of classical computer memory or RAM.
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Quantum Networks
Quantum Networks 101: An Intro for Cyber Professionals
Quantum networks are on the cusp of transitioning from theory to practice, following a trajectory not unlike the early development of the classical internet. They hold the promise of fundamentally secure communications and new quantum information capabilities. While challenges remain,…
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Quantum Networks
Entanglement Distribution Techniques in Quantum Networks
Quantum entanglement is a unique resource that enables new forms of communication and computation impossible with classical means. Distributing entanglement between distant locations is essential for applications such as quantum key distribution (QKD), quantum teleportation, and connecting quantum computers for…
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Quantum AI Articles
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Quantum AI
Quantum AI (QAI): Harnessing Quantum Computing for AI (2024 Update)
Quantum Artificial Intelligence (QAI) is an interdisciplinary field that merges the power of quantum computing with the learning capabilities of artificial intelligence (AI). In essence, QAI seeks to use quantum computing—which exploits phenomena like superposition and entanglement—to run AI algorithms…
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Quantum AI
Guide to Quantum ML for Data Scientists
Quantum Machine Learning (QML) is an emerging interdisciplinary field that integrates quantum computing with traditional machine learning. The motivation is simple: as data grows and models become more complex, classical computing faces limitations in speed and capacity. Quantum computers leverage…
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Post-Quantum
Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) Meets Quantum AI (QAI)
Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) and Quantum Artificial Intelligence (QAI) are converging fields at the forefront of cybersecurity. PQC aims to develop cryptographic algorithms that can withstand attacks by quantum computers, while QAI explores the use of quantum computing and AI to…
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Quantum AI
Full Stack of AI Concerns: Responsible, Safe, Secure AI
As AI continues to evolve and integrate deeper into societal frameworks, the strategies for its governance, alignment, and security must also advance, ensuring that AI enhances human capabilities without undermining human values. This requires a vigilant, adaptive approach that is…
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Quantum AI
Marin’s Statement on AI Risks
The rapid development of AI brings both extraordinary potential and unprecedented risks. AI systems are increasingly demonstrating emergent behaviors, and in some cases, are even capable of self-improvement. This advancement, while remarkable, raises critical questions about our ability to control…
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Quantum AI
Quantum Computing Modalities: Neuromorphic QC (NQC)
Neuromorphic quantum computing (NQC) is a cutting-edge paradigm that merges two revolutionary approaches to computing: neuromorphic computing and quantum computing. Neuromorphic computing is inspired by the architecture of the human brain – it uses networks of artificial neurons and synapses…
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Quantum Sensing
AI and Quantum Sensing: A Perfect Synergy
AI and quantum sensing complement each other perfectly. Quantum sensors provide the rich, nuanced data about physical reality at its smallest scales; AI provides the means to interpret and act on that data in real time. This synergy is already…
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Quantum Sensing
Quantum Sensing – Key Use Cases
At its core, quantum sensing goes beyond classical measurement limits. Traditional sensors – from thermometers to microphones – are ultimately constrained by thermal noise, electronic noise, and even the fundamental “shot noise” of particles. Quantum sensors break past these limits…
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Quantum Sensing
Quantum LiDAR vs. Quantum Radar
Quantum radar and quantum LiDAR are no longer science fiction – they are emerging reality, albeit in early stages. They differ in technology and likely timelines: expect to hear more about quantum LiDAR in commercial products soon, while quantum radar…
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Quantum Sensing
Ethical and Privacy Implications of Quantum Sensing
Quantum sensing sits at a crossroads of promise and peril. On one hand, it embodies the awe-inspiring potential of quantum technology – offering us new eyes and ears to perceive the world in richer detail than ever before. It could…
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Quantum Sensing
Quantum Radar: The Next Frontier of Stealth Detection and Beyond
Quantum radar is an emerging technology that applies the mind-bending principles of quantum mechanics to the field of radar sensing. In theory, it promises detection capabilities beyond the reach of conventional radar, potentially piercing the invisibility of stealth aircraft and…
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Quantum Sensing
Quantum Sensing – Introduction and Taxonomy
Quantum sensing is poised to augment and in some cases revolutionize how we measure the world. Its unique ability to leverage fundamental quantum phenomena – superposition, entanglement, and more – means it can achieve what was once thought impossible: detecting…
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Quantum Computing
Quantum Technologies and Quantum Computing in South Korea
South Korea’s quantum technology ecosystem has rapidly matured from obscurity into a well-organized force. Backed by a clear national strategy and increasing investments, Korea is making its mark through cutting-edge research at top universities, substantial government support for quantum computing…
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Quantum Computing
Quantum Technologies and Quantum Computing in the Middle East
Leaders in the Middle East are talking about quantum algorithms and national quantum computing hubs. And even about Quantum AI. The Middle East is determined not to miss out on the quantum revolution, and that determination is reshaping the tech…
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Quantum Computing
Quantum Geopolitics: The Global Race for Quantum Computing
Quantum computing has emerged as a new frontier of great-power competition in the 21st century. Nations around the world view advanced quantum technologies as strategic assets—keys to future economic prowess, military strength, and technological sovereignty. Governments have already poured over…
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Quantum Computing
China’s Quantum Computing and Quantum Technology Initiatives
For the world at large, China’s quantum leap is a call to action. It challenges other nations to invest in innovation and pushes the envelope of what’s possible. In an optimistic view, this competition can accelerate discoveries that benefit all…
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Quantum Computing
Quantum Technology Initiatives in Singapore and ASEAN
ASEAN’s journey in quantum technology is relatively recent but steadily gaining momentum. Singapore took the lead in the early 2000s – the National Research Foundation began funding quantum research as early as 2002, and by 2007 the government helped establish…
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Quantum Computing
Quantum Technologies and Quantum Computing in Russia
Leaders in the Middle East are talking about quantum algorithms and national quantum computing hubs. And even about Quantum AI. The Middle East is determined not to miss out on the quantum revolution, and that determination is reshaping the tech…
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Quantum Commercialization
Global Quantum Innovation Ecosystems: Lessons for TTOs from Around the World
For universities and tech transfer offices (TTOs), understanding global diverse quantum innovation ecosystems is more than a matter of curiosity – it’s a practical guide for positioning academic spin‑offs for success on the world stage. Government investment is a key…
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Quantum Commercialization
Building the Quantum Workforce: Talent Challenges and Opportunities
Amid quantum revolution, a bottleneck has emerged: a lack of skilled people. In fact, the quantum talent shortage is now seen as one of the primary hurdles to translating lab discoveries into real-world innovations. One industry expert even warned that…
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Quantum Commercialization
Quantum Patents and IP Strategy: Safeguarding Innovation in a Crowded Field
Patents, when aligned with business goals, can attract investment, deter infringement, and provide leverage for collaboration. TTOs and innovators should view IP not just as legal protection but as a core part of innovation strategy – especially in a field…
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Quantum Commercialization
Financing the Quantum Leap: Funding Strategies for University Spin‑offs
In the end, funding a quantum leap is about building bridges – between lab and market, between public and private interests, and between today’s prototypes and tomorrow’s transformative industries. Each dollar raised and each partnership forged is like adding a…
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Quantum Commercialization
Myths and Realities of Quantum Commercialization
Quantum commercialization is hard; there’s no sugar-coating that. But as we’ve seen, “hard” is not “impossible,” and early difficulty does not mean it’s “too early.” The myths we unpacked – that quantum is always 20 years away, that only giants…
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Quantum Commercialization
Bridging the Quantum Lab-to-Market Gap: How External Experts Boost Tech Transfer
The race to commercialize quantum technology is on, and it’s not a sprint by a lone runner; it’s a relay. TTOs carry the baton of discovery from the lab, but to reach the finish line of market impact, they must…
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