Marin’s Q-Day Prediction Countdown:
Here is my personal Q-Day prediction. For an understanding of the factors I am considering and recent events that are influencing this prediction, please see Marin’s Q-Day Prediction page.
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Shor’s Algorithm: A Quantum Threat to Modern Cryptography
Shor’s Algorithm is more than just a theoretical curiosity – it’s a wake-up call for the security community. By understanding its principles and implications, we can appreciate why the cryptographic landscape must evolve. The goal of this guide is to equip you with that understanding, without delving into complex mathematics, ... Read More
Grover’s Algorithm and Its Impact on Cybersecurity
Grover’s algorithm was one of the first demonstrations of quantum advantage on a general problem. It highlighted how quantum phenomena like superposition and interference can be harnessed to outperform classical brute force search. Grover’s is often described as looking for “a needle in a haystack” using quantum mechanics ... Read More
Quantum-Safe vs. Quantum-Secure Cryptography
In 2010, I was serving as an interim CISO for an investment bank. During that time, I was already trying to figure out the risks posed by quantum computing. One day, I was approached by a vendor who, with great confidence, made two bold claims. First, they insisted that the ... Read More
Key Principles and Theorems in Quantum Computing and Networks
The landscape of quantum computing and quantum networks is an exciting frontier where physics and cybersecurity intersect. We’re witnessing the early days of this quantum revolution. As quantum hardware scales and quantum protocols move from labs to real-world deployment, security experts will need to collaborate with physicists like never before ... Read More
Qubits: A Brief Introduction for Cybersecurity Professionals
A qubit is the quantum analog of a classical bit – it’s the basic unit of quantum information. However, unlike a classical bit that can only be 0 or 1 at any given time, a qubit can exist in a combination of both 0 and 1 states simultaneously. This property ... Read More
Bell States: An Introduction for Cybersecurity Professionals
Bell states are a set of four specific quantum states of two qubits (quantum bits) that are entangled. In simple terms, an entangled pair of qubits behaves as one system, no matter how far apart they are. Bell states are the simplest and most extreme examples of this phenomenon. They ... Read More
Marin Ivezic
Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) and Post-Quantum Security Articles
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Post-Quantum
Adiabatic Quantum (AQC) and Cyber (2024 Update)
Adiabatic Quantum Computing (AQC) is an alternative paradigm that uses an analog process based on the quantum adiabatic theorem. Instead of discrete gate operations, AQC involves slowly evolving a quantum system’s Hamiltonian such that it remains in its lowest-energy (ground)…
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Post-Quantum
Quantum Hacking: Cybersecurity of Quantum Systems
While these machines are not yet widespread, it is never too early to consider their cybersecurity. As quantum computing moves into cloud platforms and multi-user environments, attackers will undoubtedly seek ways to exploit them.
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Post-Quantum
Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) Meets Quantum AI (QAI)
Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) and Quantum Artificial Intelligence (QAI) are converging fields at the forefront of cybersecurity. PQC aims to develop cryptographic algorithms that can withstand attacks by quantum computers, while QAI explores the use of quantum computing and AI to…
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Post-Quantum
Q-Day Predictions: Anticipating the Arrival of CRQC
While CRQCs capable of breaking current public key encryption algorithms have not yet materialized, technological advancements are pushing us towards what is ominously dubbed 'Q-Day'—the day a CRQC becomes operational. Many experts believe that Q-Day, or Y2Q as it's sometimes…
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Post-Quantum
Quantum Readiness for Mission-Critical Communications (MCC)
Mission-critical communications (MCC) networks are the specialized communication systems used by “blue light” emergency and disaster response services (police, fire, EMS), military units, utilities, and other critical operators to relay vital information when lives or infrastructure are at stake. These…
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Post-Quantum
Harvest Now, Decrypt Later (HNDL) Risk
"Harvest Now, Decrypt Later" (HNDL), also known as "Store Now, Decrypt Later" (SNDL), is a concerning risk where adversaries collect encrypted data with the intent to decrypt it once quantum computing becomes capable of breaking current encryption methods. This is…
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Quantum Computing Articles
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Quantum Computing
Why I Founded Applied Quantum – The First Pure-Play, End-to-End Quantum Consultancy
Applied Quantum is a firm that for the first time would be 100% dedicated to quantum technology services – not as a sideline, not as one emerging tech practice among many, but as the entire mission of the company, and…
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Quantum Computing
How Quantum Could Break Through Amdahl’s Law and Computing’s Limits
Amdahl’s Law teaches us a humbling lesson about the limits of classical computing: there is always a portion that resists parallel speedup, chaining us to diminishing returns. We’ve coped by clever engineering – making that chain as short as possible…
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Quantum Computing
Quantum Technologies and Quantum Computing in South Korea
South Korea’s quantum technology ecosystem has rapidly matured from obscurity into a well-organized force. Backed by a clear national strategy and increasing investments, Korea is making its mark through cutting-edge research at top universities, substantial government support for quantum computing…
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Quantum Computing
Quantum Technologies and Quantum Computing in the Middle East
Leaders in the Middle East are talking about quantum algorithms and national quantum computing hubs. And even about Quantum AI. The Middle East is determined not to miss out on the quantum revolution, and that determination is reshaping the tech…
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Quantum Computing
The Race Toward FTQC: Ocelot, Majorana, Willow, Heron, Zuchongzhi
Quantum computing is entering a new phase marked by five major announcements from five quantum powerhouses—Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft, Google, IBM, and Zuchongzhi—all in the last 4 months. Are these just hype-fueled announcements, or do they mark real progress toward…
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Quantum Computing
Quantum Geopolitics: The Global Race for Quantum Computing
Quantum computing has emerged as a new frontier of great-power competition in the 21st century. Nations around the world view advanced quantum technologies as strategic assets—keys to future economic prowess, military strength, and technological sovereignty. Governments have already poured over…
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Quantum Computing Architectures / Paradigms / Categories
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Quantum Computing Paradigms
Taxonomy of Quantum Computing: Paradigms & Architectures
Over the past few decades, researchers have devised multiple quantum computing paradigms – different models and physical implementations of quantum computers – each addressing these challenges in unique ways. In essence, there is no single “quantum computer” design; instead, there…
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Quantum Computing Paradigms
Quantum Computing Paradigms: Photonic Cluster-State QC
Photonic Cluster-State Computing is a form of quantum computing in which information is processed using photons (particles of light) that have been prepared in a highly entangled state known as a cluster state. It falls under the paradigm of measurement-based…
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Quantum Computing Paradigms
Quantum Computing Paradigms: Ion Trap and Neutral Atom MBQC
Ion Trap and Neutral Atom implementations of MBQC leverage two leading “matter-qubit” platforms – trapped ions and ultracold neutral atoms – to realize this model. In a trapped-ion MBQC, a string of ions (charged atoms) is confined and entangled via…
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Quantum Computing Paradigms
Quantum Computing Paradigms: Superconducting Qubits
Superconducting qubits are quantum bits formed by tiny superconducting electric circuits, typically based on the Josephson junction – a sandwich of two superconductors separated by a thin insulator which allows tunneling of Cooper pairs. When cooled to extremely low temperatures…
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Quantum Computing Paradigms
Quantum Computing Paradigms: Holonomic (Geometric Phase) QC
Holonomic quantum computing (also known as geometric quantum computing) is a paradigm that uses geometric phase effects to perform quantum logic operations. In a holonomic gate, the quantum state is manipulated by adiabatically (or sometimes non-adiabatically) moving the system’s parameters…
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Quantum Computing Paradigms
Quantum Computing Paradigms: Photonic QC
Photonic quantum computing uses particles of light – photons – as qubits. Typically, the qubit is encoded in some degree of freedom of a single photon, such as its polarization (horizontal = |0⟩, vertical = |1⟩), or its presence/absence in…
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Quantum Networks Articles
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Post-Quantum
Quantum Hacking: Cybersecurity of Quantum Systems
While these machines are not yet widespread, it is never too early to consider their cybersecurity. As quantum computing moves into cloud platforms and multi-user environments, attackers will undoubtedly seek ways to exploit them.
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Quantum Networks
Quantum Repeaters: The Key to Long-Distance Quantum Comms
Quantum repeaters are specialized devices in quantum communication networks designed to extend the distance over which quantum information (qubits) can be sent without being lost or corrupted. They tackle a fundamental challenge: photons carrying qubits tend to get absorbed or…
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Quantum Networks
What is Entanglement-as-a-Service (EaaS)?
Entanglement-as-a-Service is transitioning from a fascinating concept to a nascent reality. Its technical foundations are solidly rooted in quantum physics, its current development is accelerating through global research efforts, and its promise has caught the attention of the telecommunications industry…
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Quantum Computing
Quantum Memories in Quantum Networking and Computing
Quantum memories are devices capable of storing quantum states (qubits) in a stable form without collapsing their quantum properties. In essence, a quantum memory is the quantum-mechanical analog of classical computer memory or RAM.
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Quantum Networks
Quantum Networks 101: An Intro for Cyber Professionals
Quantum networks are on the cusp of transitioning from theory to practice, following a trajectory not unlike the early development of the classical internet. They hold the promise of fundamentally secure communications and new quantum information capabilities. While challenges remain,…
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Quantum Networks
Entanglement Distribution Techniques in Quantum Networks
Quantum entanglement is a unique resource that enables new forms of communication and computation impossible with classical means. Distributing entanglement between distant locations is essential for applications such as quantum key distribution (QKD), quantum teleportation, and connecting quantum computers for…
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Quantum AI Articles
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Quantum AI
Quantum AI: Harnessing Quantum Computing for AI (2024 Update)
Quantum Artificial Intelligence (QAI) is an interdisciplinary field that merges the power of quantum computing with the learning capabilities of artificial intelligence (AI). In essence, QAI seeks to use quantum computing—which exploits phenomena like superposition and entanglement—to run AI algorithms…
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Quantum AI
Guide to Quantum ML for Data Scientists
Quantum Machine Learning (QML) is an emerging interdisciplinary field that integrates quantum computing with traditional machine learning. The motivation is simple: as data grows and models become more complex, classical computing faces limitations in speed and capacity. Quantum computers leverage…
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Post-Quantum
Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) Meets Quantum AI (QAI)
Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) and Quantum Artificial Intelligence (QAI) are converging fields at the forefront of cybersecurity. PQC aims to develop cryptographic algorithms that can withstand attacks by quantum computers, while QAI explores the use of quantum computing and AI to…
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Quantum AI
Full Stack of AI Concerns: Responsible, Safe, Secure AI
As AI continues to evolve and integrate deeper into societal frameworks, the strategies for its governance, alignment, and security must also advance, ensuring that AI enhances human capabilities without undermining human values. This requires a vigilant, adaptive approach that is…
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Quantum AI
Marin’s Statement on AI Risks
The rapid development of AI brings both extraordinary potential and unprecedented risks. AI systems are increasingly demonstrating emergent behaviors, and in some cases, are even capable of self-improvement. This advancement, while remarkable, raises critical questions about our ability to control…
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Quantum AI
Quantum Computing Paradigms: Neuromorphic QC (NQC)
Neuromorphic quantum computing (NQC) is a cutting-edge paradigm that merges two revolutionary approaches to computing: neuromorphic computing and quantum computing. Neuromorphic computing is inspired by the architecture of the human brain – it uses networks of artificial neurons and synapses…
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Quantum Sensing
AI and Quantum Sensing: A Perfect Synergy
AI and quantum sensing complement each other perfectly. Quantum sensors provide the rich, nuanced data about physical reality at its smallest scales; AI provides the means to interpret and act on that data in real time. This synergy is already…
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Quantum Sensing
Quantum Sensing – Key Use Cases
At its core, quantum sensing goes beyond classical measurement limits. Traditional sensors – from thermometers to microphones – are ultimately constrained by thermal noise, electronic noise, and even the fundamental “shot noise” of particles. Quantum sensors break past these limits…
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Quantum Sensing
Quantum LiDAR vs. Quantum Radar
Quantum radar and quantum LiDAR are no longer science fiction – they are emerging reality, albeit in early stages. They differ in technology and likely timelines: expect to hear more about quantum LiDAR in commercial products soon, while quantum radar…
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Quantum Sensing
Ethical and Privacy Implications of Quantum Sensing
Quantum sensing sits at a crossroads of promise and peril. On one hand, it embodies the awe-inspiring potential of quantum technology – offering us new eyes and ears to perceive the world in richer detail than ever before. It could…
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Quantum Sensing
Quantum Radar: The Next Frontier of Stealth Detection and Beyond
Quantum radar is an emerging technology that applies the mind-bending principles of quantum mechanics to the field of radar sensing. In theory, it promises detection capabilities beyond the reach of conventional radar, potentially piercing the invisibility of stealth aircraft and…
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Quantum Sensing
Quantum Sensing – Introduction and Taxonomy
Quantum sensing is poised to augment and in some cases revolutionize how we measure the world. Its unique ability to leverage fundamental quantum phenomena – superposition, entanglement, and more – means it can achieve what was once thought impossible: detecting…
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