Gate-based
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Gate-based
One-Clean-Qubit (DQC1)
The One‑Clean‑Qubit (DQC1) model asks how much computation is possible when only one qubit is pure and the rest of the register is maximally mixed - a scenario originally motivated by NMR. Despite the extreme mixedness, DQC1 can solve certain…
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Gate-based
Holonomic (Geometric Phase)
Holonomic (geometric‑phase) QC performs logic by steering a quantum system around closed loops in parameter space so the state acquires a geometric phase/holonomy that realizes a gate. The approach began with adiabatic holonomies and now includes non‑adiabatic versions designed for…
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Gate-based
Spin Qubits
This modality harnesses spins bound to solid‑state defects (like NV centers in diamond or divacancies in SiC) and spins in III‑V quantum dots. It bridges atomic‑like coherence with chip‑level integration and has progressed from single‑spin demos to networked nodes and…
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Gate-based
Superconducting Cat Qubits
Superconducting cat qubits encode |0⟩, |1⟩ as superpositions of coherent states in a high‑Q microwave resonator, engineered to strongly suppress bit‑flip errors. They aim to reduce error‑correction overhead by building protection into the hardware, while staying within the mature superconducting…
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Gate-based
Silicon-Based Qubits
Silicon‑based qubits encode quantum information in the spin of electrons or donors fabricated with CMOS‑style processes. Isotopically enriched Si‑28 provides a quiet environment that enables exceptionally long spin coherence compared with most solid‑state platforms.
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Gate-based
Neutral‑atom (Rydberg)
Neutral‑atom processors use reconfigurable optical tweezer arrays to hold hundreds of atoms that serve as qubits, controlled by lasers or microwaves. The approach blends long coherence with flexible connectivity and has moved from small lab demos to cloud/testbed access over…
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Gate-based
Photonic
Photonic quantum computing uses single photons or optical modes as information carriers, leveraging low decoherence and telecom‑grade photonics to route and interfere qubits. The approach has surged since KLM’s 2001 result and MBQC/cluster‑state proposals, with industry pursuing scalable silicon‑photonics implementations.
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Gate-based
Superconducting Qubits
Superconducting qubits encode |0⟩/|1⟩ in the two lowest energy levels of anharmonic Josephson circuits and have become a leading approach to universal quantum computing. The modality has scaled from few‑qubit chips to 1000‑class devices in under a decade.
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Gate-based
Trapped-Ion QC
Trapped‑ion qubits are identical atoms with exceptionally long coherence, manipulated by lasers or microwaves while suspended above micro‑fabricated electrodes. The modality has progressed from few‑ion experiments to commercially available machines with high‑fidelity operations.
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